WW2010
University of Illinois

WW2010
 
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> online guides
 
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Online Guides
 
  introduction
 
> meteorology
 
  remote sensing
 
  reading maps
 
  projects, activities

Meteorology
 
  introduction
 
  air masses, fronts
 
  clouds, precipitation
 
  el nino
 
  forces, winds
 
  hurricanes
 
  hydrologic cycle
 
> light, optics
 
  midlatitude cyclones
 
  severe storms
 
  weather forecasting

Light, Optics
 
  introduction
 
> mechanisms
 
  air, dust, haze
 
  ice crystals
 
  water droplets

mechanisms
 
  reflection
 
  scattering
 
> refraction
 
  diffraction

Refraction
 
> more to less dense
 
  less to more dense

User Interface
 
  graphics
> text

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Refraction of Light
as it passes from more dense to less dense mediums

The bending of light as it passes from one medium to another is called refraction.

The angle and wavelength at which the light enters a substance and the density of that substance determine how much the light is refracted. The refraction of light by atmospheric particles can result in a number of beautiful optical effects like halos, which are produced when sunlight (or moonlight) is refracted by the pencil-shaped ice crystals of cirrostratus clouds.

When light passes from a more dense to a less dense substance, (for example passing from water into air), the light is refracted (or bent) away from the normal.

The normal is a line perpendicular (forming a 90 degree angle) to the boundary between the two substances. The bending occurs because light travels more slowly in a denser medium.

Another example of refraction is the dispersion of white light into its individual colors by a glass prism. As visible light exits the prism, it is refracted and separated into a magnificent display of colors.

[Image: a prism (30K)]
Photograph by: Susan Schwartzenberg (c)1997, The Exploratorium

Each color from the original beam of light has its own particular wavelength (or color) and each wavelength is slowed differently by the glass. The amount of refraction increases as the wavelength of light decreases. Shorter wavelengths of light (violet and blue) are slowed more and consequently experience more bending than do the longer wavelengths (orange and red).



mechanisms
Terms for using data resources. CD-ROM available.
Credits and Acknowledgments for WW2010.
Department of Atmospheric Sciences (DAS) at
the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.

less to more dense